Alkistis Elliott-Graves

1.NC3 - A Novel Synthesis of Individualisation across Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution: Niche Choice, Niche Conformance, Niche Construction

Individuals differ. This seemingly trivial statement has nevertheless led to paradigm shifts, as three different fields of organismal biology have seen a marked change in key concepts over the last years. In ecology, an increasing focus is likewise on the considerable variation in the ecological niche realised by species, populations, and even individuals. A key focus of this group (the DFG funded CRC) is Individual-Based-Research i.e. the study of individuals and their interactions with the (social) environment.

Our aim in project D02 (with Co-PI Prof. Dr. Marie Kaiser, our postdoc Dr. Katie Morrow and our PhD student Marlene van den Bos), is to provide a philosophical framework for IBR in biology. We will use the CRC as a philosophical case study to explore what IBR in biology is, how its central concepts can be understood, what kind of complexity it is concerned with, what its strengths and limitations are, which methodological challenges it encounters, and how the integration of findings from different biological fields is achieved in IBR.

Our project is divided into three parts:

1.Concepts in IBR.

According to the standard conception in the CRC, individualised niches consist only of those environmental conditions that affect (i.e. increase or decrease) the fitness of an individual. This standard conception raises three sets of questions. First, should we really assume that fitness effects determine the dimensions of an individualised niche? Second, what belongs to the environment of a particular individual and how can individualised environments be distinguished from individualised niches? Third, what makes individualised niches social, what makes them temporal? Answering these questions helps to develop the standard conception of an individualised niche further. Another major goal is to meet the challenge of a plurality of individualised niche concepts. Our aim is to guide this discussion by identifying alternative niche concepts, explicating their differences (e.g. are niches located more on the side of the individual or environment), and analysing which niche concepts work best in which research contexts and in regard to which epistemic goals.

2. Epistemology of IBR

Our research questions concern the relationship between individuality and uniqueness and the notion of complexity. Complexity alone does not explain the epistemic difficulties of studying complex systems: it is heterogeneity that limits the transferability and generalisability of results across systems or across time (thus also constraining predictability). Are individuality and uniqueness instances of heterogeneity? If yes, then how does heterogeneity manifest in biological practice? Are there differences in terms of how heterogeneity is studied within the CRC? More specifically, how do Individual-Based Models (IBMs) and meta-analyses analyse heterogeneity? We also hope that the answers to these questions can shed light on the epistemic challenge, i.e. how is it possible to gain knowledge about individuals through investigation of groups? Does the particular way in which individuals and uniqueness are treated in IBMs and meta-analyses shed light on the matter?

3. Integration in IBR.

We aim to examine how the findings from different scientific fields actually are integrated in the CRC as an instance of IBR. We focus on the integrative practices that occur within different biological fields, and we examine how the theoretical framework of NC3-mechanisms fosters integration between ecology, behavioural, and evolutionary biology.

2. Parnassius smintheus Overwintering